Image Source: Wikimedia CommonsĪlthough proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are all essential macromolecules bonded through the same process, their structures are quite different. If not, you can read in depth about dehydration synthesis in this review specifically on the topic. If you’ve read the other macromolecule AP® Biology Crash Course Reviews ( carbohydrates and lipids), you might remember this process, as those polymers are bonded through dehydration synthesis as well. The peptide bonds between the amino acids are formed by a process called dehydration synthesis. Proteins are formed when amino acids join through peptide bonds, which is why they are also called polypeptides. R groups are also sometimes known as side chains or side groups.
Some amino acids have very specialized functions, which their unique R groups allow them to carry out. Charged amino acids have bases or acids as their R groups. For example, polar amino acids have polar bonds within their R group, while nonpolar amino acids have nonpolar bonding as in CH2 and CH3 in their R groups. There are 20 common amino acids, and they differ by their R Groups. While you are probably already familiar with carboxyl groups (COOH) and amine groups (NH2), the so-called R group may be new to you.
Proteins are a type of complex macromolecule built up of monomers called amino acids that are linked into complex polymers by bonds known as peptide bonds.Īmino acids are formed by attaching an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a variable (R) to a central atom of carbon. After reading through this AP® Biology Crash Course Review, as well as the practice questions and quick recap at the end, you should feel that you have a good understanding of what proteins are and that you are ready to tackle that AP® Bio exam! What Are Proteins? While you hear a lot about proteins in daily living – like in ads for protein shakes and protein powders– there are a few misconceptions about why proteins are important and how they work. Proteins, along with carbohydrates and lipids, are a type of organic macromolecule that are fundamental building blocks of life.
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